ACTIVITY PROFILE DURING ACTION TIME IN PENCAK SILAT MEN'S TANDING SEAGAMES SINGAPORE 2015 SILAT COMPETITION
Shapie, M.N.M, (1&2) & Yvoone, N.I.
1. Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, University Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor
1. Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, University Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor
2. Pertubuhan Seni Gayung Fatani Malaysia
Abstract
The purpose of the current case study was to describe the detailed activity that occurs during the fight time of Indonesia in 28th 2015 SEA Games Pencak Silat Singapore bout. The method used during the analysis of motion in pencak silat is VLC media player. indonesia team have shown their best performance during the competiton in terms of skills and technic.
keyword : kicking, martial arts, coaching and performance analysis
Introduction
The requirement and prescription of
training programmes for sport requires an understanding of the physiological
requirements of the match. Various forms of time motion analyses have been used
widely to estimate the nature of specific intermittent high intensity and low
intensity activities as they relate to the energy requirements of team sports.
Previous research notated the technique used in defensive and offensive
movements such as in mixed-martial arts, boxing and Muay Thai. However, there
is no research that specifically describes the activity involved in silat that
specifically describes the activity that contributes to the physiological
demands of this combat sport. The nature of work periods within any combat
sports depends on the frequency, volume and type of the activity being
performed.
Material and methods
Match analysis
A DVD recording of a single international
bout was entered into the Focus X2 system and the system used to identify 4
different types of event performed by the 2 contestants as well as the start
and end of action periods.
A publicly available video recording of
male silat match from the 28th 2015 Sea Game Singapore was used for
the analysis. This was a male final match between (Indonesia vs Malaysia Class
H ), (Indonesia Vs Philipines Class A), (Indonesia Vs Thailand Class D), and
(Indonesia Vs Vietnam Class A). Subsequent player motion analysis was carried
out using a commercial sports performance analysis software package called
Focus X2 (Elite Sport Analysis, DelgatyBay, Scotland). The system was used to
identify 14 different types of event performed by the two male contestants as
well as the start and end of action periods. Video sequences were repeated
where necessary and the playback rate was reduced to 50% to allow accurate
measurement of each offensive and defensive movement category. The video could
be paused and played back frame-byframe for ease of use. Silat exponent motion
was subjectively categorised by an experienced observational analyst for silat
competition. Information could be entered into the computer system using a
‘Mouse’, via representation on the screen of the silat match, and specially
designed screen functions for each exponent (red or blue), action and outcome
for each activity. The timed list recorded in Focus X2 was exported for
processing in excel (Microsoft Excel 2002, Microsoft Corporation, USA). The
commencement and completion of each individual action period was recorded and
the duration was calculated by spreadsheet programming allowing durations
(differences
between action period end and start times)
to be computed. The frequency, mean duration and percentage of total time were
subsequently calculated. An intra-operator reliability study of fights was
undertaken to establish the reliability of the method. Motion categories Silat
exponent’s motions were coded into 14 different types of categories and were
defined as follows:
Punch:
The punch ‘tumbuk’ attack is done by a
hand with a closed fist hitting the target. In silat punching is often used to
fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch ‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut
‘sauk’ to the exponent body’s.
Kick:
The kick ‘tendang / terajang’ is an
attacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs simultaneously.
A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick ‘ tendang
depan’, side-kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular
side kick ‘tendang lengkar’.
Block:
The blocking movements begin with the
posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent stands straight with his hands
around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be
done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose to block off or striking back
at any attack
Catch:
The catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by using the
hand to obstruct the opponent from carrying out an attack. The silat exponent
is able to prevent himself from being attacked by pointing the attack which he
has caught to another direction. A catch which twists or drags the opponent is
forbidden. Also,a catch which could break the part which is being held such as
the leg and waist is also forbidden. These regulations exist to protect the
silat exponent’s.
Topple:
There are various ways of toppling down
one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push, shove
the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side, shove,
hit, kick, strike or punch to make the
opponent lose his balance. Every fall is considered valid as long as the silat
exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling or he is able
to overpower the opponent whom he has
brought down.
Sweep:
Swiping ‘sapuan’ involves attacking an
opponent’s leg which are on the ground to unstabilise him and bring down to the
ground. A silat exponent can perform this attacking movement
either with his right or left leg, Hence,
front sweep ‘sapuan depan’ is done by swinging the leg to the front to
push an opponent’s front leg, while back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’
is
carried out by swinging the leg backward
to hit the back leg.
Evade/Dodge:
The evade ‘elakan’ technique is
carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique
does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending
off the attack. They are many ways of
carrying out his defensive movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’,
evasion to the side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping
‘lonjak’, ducking ‘susup’ and etc.
Self-Release:
Self-release ‘lepas tangkapan’
technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an opponent.
Block and Punch:
The blocking technique is used to block
any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the
hand to punch the opponent.
Block and Kick:
The blocking technique is used to block
any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using
the leg to kick the opponent.
Block and Sweep:
The blocking technique is used to block
any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using
sweeping technique to the opponent.
Fake Punch:
An action which a silat exponent intends
to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive
posture.
Fake Kick:
An action which a silat exponent intends
to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive
posture.
Others:
Both silat exponents are either in posture
position ‘sikap pasang’ or coming close to each other using silat step
pattern ‘pola langkah’. All the activities are considered
high intensity except for others which at that time both silat exponents
are in low intensity periods.
Reliability
of Observation
The author analysed all the activities and
simultaneously classified each change of motion in a single match. Two
observations were done separated by 48 hours. It requires experienced silat
practitioners to analyse the data as the movement of both exponents is fast,
needing close inspection. The classification of movement was subjective with
work being classified according to the instruction given by the referee.
Statistical
analysis
The observation generated data will be
frequency counted, a method of recording in observational research in which the
researcher records each occurrence clearly defined behaviour within a certain
time frame. All the raw data generated by the FOCUS System was exported into
Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and then transferred into SPSS for more detailed
analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for
Social Scientists, version 14.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). A chi square test of
independence was used to determine if there was a similar profile of actions
performed by the red and blue contestant in the match. An alpha level of (p <0.05)
was taken to show statistical significant.
Results
Match
1 : Pencak Silat tanding Men’s Class H Final (Indonesia Vs Malaysia)
Table 1 shows the summary of the
intra-operator reliability study revealed that the strength of agreement for
the actions was moderate (k=0.44), the exponent performing the action
was moderate (k=0.47) and the outcome of an action was
fair (k=0.25). The action factors used were
description of
the action, the exponent performing the
action and outcome of actions. Each of these reliability results was recorded
in Table 1. Table 2 shows the actions performed during the contest and their
outcomes in the match. Table 3 shows the frequency profile of actions for the 2
contestants. A chi square test of independence revealed that the two contest
acts performed a different profile of actions during the bout (_22 = 74.0, p
<
0.001) with the red contestant performing.
Table 1. Reliability of silat data
Variables
|
Intra-observer reliability
|
Actions
|
0.449
|
Exponent
performing the action
|
0.469
|
Outcome of
actions
|
0.253
|
Table 2: Frequency of actions and outcomes
recorded during a silat match
Actions
|
Outcome
|
||||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit target
|
Miss opponent
|
Not available
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
4
|
1
|
5
|
||
Block and kick
|
|||||
Block and
punch
|
|||||
Block and
sweep
|
|||||
Kick
|
26
|
26
|
|||
Fake kick
|
|||||
Punch
|
10
|
10
|
|||
Fake punch
|
4
|
4
|
|||
Self-release
|
3
|
3
|
|||
Toople
|
5
|
5
|
|||
Sweep
|
2
|
2
|
|||
Catch
|
1
|
1
|
|||
Others
|
|||||
Total
|
49
|
8
|
57
|
Table 3: Frequency profile of the 2
contestant
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Other
|
Total
|
Red
|
2
|
26
|
29
|
57
|
Blue
|
1
|
25
|
28
|
54
|
Total
|
3
|
49
|
57
|
111
|
Table 2 show that 46% of the fight was
comprised of kick actions. This shows that most of the time the red contestant
is using this skills to get point in this fight. Overall the red contestant
performed 57 actions. The least actions performed was catching (1.75%) only.. (8.7%)
of blocking actions, (17,5%) punching, (7.01%) fake punch, (5.26%) self
release, (8.7%) miss opponent in topple, and (3.5%) miss opponent in sweep was
performed during the games. The red contestant won this game because he got the
strength on his lower body. He could be focusing lower body during training. It
is because his kicking actions make the opponent fall down and he got the
point.
Match 2 : Pencak Silat tanding
Men’s Class A Final (Indonesia Vs Philipines)
Table 1. Reliability of silat data
Variables
|
Intra-observer reliability
|
Actions
|
0.449
|
Exponent
performing the action
|
0.435
|
Outcome of
actions
|
0.325
|
Actions
|
Outcome
|
||||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit target
|
Miss opponent
|
Not available
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
2
|
2
|
|||
Block and kick
|
|||||
Block and
punch
|
|||||
Block and
sweep
|
|||||
Kick
|
4
|
10
|
1
|
15
|
|
Fake kick
|
1
|
1
|
|||
Punch
|
1
|
1
|
|||
Fake punch
|
|||||
Self-release
|
1
|
1
|
|||
Toople
|
5
|
3
|
8
|
||
Sweep
|
4
|
5
|
9
|
||
Catch
|
2
|
3
|
5
|
10
|
|
Others
|
|||||
Total
|
8
|
25
|
14
|
47
|
Table 3: Frequency profile of the 2
contestant
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Other
|
Total
|
Red
|
2
|
15
|
31
|
48
|
Blue
|
1
|
14
|
30
|
45
|
Total
|
3
|
29
|
61
|
93
|
Table above shows that the red contestant performed (54.1%) actions
in kicking. There is no miss opponent in
kicking. All of the kicking actions was
hit on the target. He also manage to blocking 10.41%. this shows the red
contestant have a strength body to block the opponent and prevent him to fall
down. He also performing punching about
20.8% on the target without miss. This punching actions performance one of the
reason he won the game. As he manage to performed fake punch about 8.3% before
make a real punch. He could be practising his hand and punching skills during
the training. His punch did not fail. This means he is good in punching. He
also often trying to do sweep actions. The red contestant can be seen very good in
sweep actions as well.
Match 3: Pencak Silat tanding
Men’s Class d Final (Indonesia Vs Thailand)
Table 1. Reliability of silat data
Variables
|
Intra-observer reliability
|
Actions
|
|
Exponent
performing the action
|
|
Outcome of
actions
|
Table 2: frequency of actions and outcomes
recorded during a silat match
Actions
|
Outcome
|
||||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit target
|
Miss opponent
|
Not available
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
2
|
2
|
|||
Block and kick
|
|||||
Block and
punch
|
|||||
Block and
sweep
|
|||||
Kick
|
26
|
13
|
39
|
||
Fake kick
|
|||||
Punch
|
11
|
11
|
|||
Fake punch
|
|||||
Self-release
|
|||||
Toople
|
|||||
Sweep
|
5
|
5
|
|||
Catch
|
|||||
Others
|
|||||
Total
|
39
|
18
|
57
|
Table 3: Frequency profile of the 2
contestant
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Other
|
Total
|
Blue
|
2
|
39
|
16
|
57
|
Red
|
2
|
42
|
18
|
62
|
Total
|
4
|
81
|
34
|
119
|
The table shows that 68.4%
actions performed by the blue contestant in kicking actions. However,
only 45.6% hit the target while 22.8% miss
opponent. The weakness can be seen
while he is kicking. The kicking often miss opponent. He always use the same
actions during the games. This make the exponent read his skills and technique.
As he apply the same skills for the next fight the exponent can read what he
will do . he should not use the same technique all the times. That is the point he lose the game. However he also
good in punching which is performed about 19.29% without miss.
Match 4: Pencak Silat tanding
Men’s Class A Final (Indonesia Vs Vietnam)
Table 1. Reliability of silat data
Variables
|
Intra-observer reliability
|
Actions
|
|
Exponent
performing the action
|
|
Outcome of
actions
|
Table 2: frequency of actions and outcomes
recorded during a silat match
Actions
|
Outcome
|
||||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit target
|
Miss opponent
|
Not available
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
2
|
2
|
|||
Block and kick
|
1
|
1
|
|||
Block and
punch
|
1
|
1
|
|||
Block and
sweep
|
3
|
3
|
|||
Kick
|
3
|
6
|
9
|
||
Fake kick
|
|||||
Punch
|
1
|
4
|
5
|
||
Fake punch
|
|||||
Self-release
|
|||||
Topple
|
2
|
4
|
6
|
||
Sweep
|
1
|
1
|
|||
Catch
|
8
|
8
|
|||
Others
|
|||||
Total
|
8
|
28
|
36
|
Table 2: Frequency profile of the 2
contestant
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Other
|
Total
|
Blue
|
2
|
9
|
25
|
36
|
Red
|
4
|
12
|
26
|
42
|
Total
|
6
|
21
|
51
|
78
|
The tables shows that the total of actions
performed by the blue contestant is 36. He was seem performed less actions. He seem to be
defending himself rather than fight. This can be seen as he manage to performed
catch actions in 22.22% without miss. He was detected performing kicking about
25% where 12 % hit the target and 66.66% miss opponent. This shows that he is not good in
kicking. He also detected trying to
topple down the opponent about 16.6%
where only 33.3% is hit the target while
66.66% of the kicking actions was miss opponent. We can see that his
lower body was not strength enough to be performed during this games. However
he was seem trying to performed all the actions except blocking, fake punch and self release. He did
not focusing on specific actions where
he is good in and this is the reason he
lose the game.
Conclusions
Post-event analysis of hand notation
indicates that the prototype system developed for this study can be used to
record and evaluate a silat match. This study complemented with those of the
broad work and rest study undertaken by Shapie et al. The current study has
provided a great understanding of information for the silat by looking at the
activity involved in competition. Both of the exponents performed more high
intensity actions than low intensity actions (i.e. the frequency count). However
it is important to understand that high intensity actions will contribute more
in the score points (i.e. outcome that count) rather than low intensity
actions. There is also a range of frequency in attacking and defensive
activities used by both of the exponents. The winner (blue exponent) used more
kicks than the loser which may reflect greater skill or fitness or both.
However, it is still doubtful that these are the only factors that influence
the match. It is recommended that future studies determine the full range of
activities performed with movement classifications and the variation of strikes
that contribute to losing and winning the match. It also suggest that all the
contestant should focusing on specific skills and actions that they are good in
and practising it to apply it during fights. Mastering the specific technique
will giving bonus to won the game and fight the exponent till he lose.
Acknowledgement
I would like to
thank Dr Mohamad Nizam Mohamed Shapie
for the journal for referring to accomplish this study.
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