ACTIVITY PROFILE DURING ACTION TIME IN  PENCAK SILAT MEN'S TANDING SEAGAMES SINGAPORE 2015 SILAT COMPETITION


Shapie, M.N.M, (1&2) & Yvoone, N.I.
   1. Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, University Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor
2. Pertubuhan Seni Gayung Fatani Malaysia
Abstract

The purpose of the current case study was to describe the detailed activity that occurs during the fight time of Indonesia in 28th 2015 SEA Games Pencak Silat Singapore bout. The method used during the analysis of motion in pencak silat is VLC media player. indonesia team have shown their best performance during the competiton in terms of skills and technic.

keyword : kicking, martial arts, coaching and performance analysis

Introduction


 The requirement and prescription of training programmes for sport requires an understanding of the physiological requirements of the match. Various forms of time motion analyses have been used widely to estimate the nature of specific intermittent high intensity and low intensity activities as they relate to the energy requirements of team sports. Previous research notated the technique used in defensive and offensive movements such as in mixed-martial arts, boxing and Muay Thai. However, there is no research that specifically describes the activity involved in silat that specifically describes the activity that contributes to the physiological demands of this combat sport. The nature of work periods within any combat sports depends on the frequency, volume and type of the activity being performed.


Material and methods

Match analysis

A DVD recording of a single international bout was entered into the Focus X2 system and the system used to identify 4 different types of event performed by the 2 contestants as well as the start and end of action periods.



A publicly available video recording of male silat match from the 28th 2015 Sea Game Singapore was used for the analysis. This was a male final match between (Indonesia vs Malaysia Class H ), (Indonesia Vs Philipines Class A), (Indonesia Vs Thailand Class D), and (Indonesia Vs Vietnam Class A). Subsequent player motion analysis was carried out using a commercial sports performance analysis software package called Focus X2 (Elite Sport Analysis, DelgatyBay, Scotland). The system was used to identify 14 different types of event performed by the two male contestants as well as the start and end of action periods. Video sequences were repeated where necessary and the playback rate was reduced to 50% to allow accurate measurement of each offensive and defensive movement category. The video could be paused and played back frame-byframe for ease of use. Silat exponent motion was subjectively categorised by an experienced observational analyst for silat competition. Information could be entered into the computer system using a ‘Mouse’, via representation on the screen of the silat match, and specially designed screen functions for each exponent (red or blue), action and outcome for each activity. The timed list recorded in Focus X2 was exported for processing in excel (Microsoft Excel 2002, Microsoft Corporation, USA). The commencement and completion of each individual action period was recorded and the duration was calculated by spreadsheet programming allowing durations (differences
between action period end and start times) to be computed. The frequency, mean duration and percentage of total time were subsequently calculated. An intra-operator reliability study of fights was undertaken to establish the reliability of the method. Motion categories Silat exponent’s motions were coded into 14 different types of categories and were defined as follows:
Punch:
The punch ‘tumbuk’ attack is done by a hand with a closed fist hitting the target. In silat punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch ‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to the exponent body’s.
Kick:
The kick ‘tendang / terajang’ is an attacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick ‘ tendang
depan’, side-kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick ‘tendang lengkar’.

Block:
The blocking movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose to block off or striking back at any attack
Catch:
The catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to obstruct the opponent from carrying out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction. A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also,a catch which could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist is also forbidden. These regulations exist to protect the silat exponent’s.
Topple:
There are various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side, shove,
hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every fall is considered valid as long as the silat exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling or he is able
to overpower the opponent whom he has brought down.
Sweep:
Swiping ‘sapuan’ involves attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground to unstabilise him and bring down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform this attacking movement
either with his right or left leg, Hence, front sweep ‘sapuan depan’ is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an opponent’s front leg, while back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’ is
carried out by swinging the leg backward to hit the back leg.
Evade/Dodge:
The evade ‘elakan’ technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending
off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his defensive movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping
‘lonjak’, ducking ‘susup’ and etc.
Self-Release:
Self-release ‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an opponent.
Block and Punch:
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the hand to punch the opponent.
Block and Kick:
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent.
Block and Sweep:
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent.
Fake Punch:
An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture.
Fake Kick:
An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive posture.
Others:
Both silat exponents are either in posture position ‘sikap pasang’ or coming close to each other using silat step pattern pola langkah’. All the activities are considered high intensity except for others which at that time both silat exponents are in low intensity periods.


Reliability of Observation

The author analysed all the activities and simultaneously classified each change of motion in a single match. Two observations were done separated by 48 hours. It requires experienced silat practitioners to analyse the data as the movement of both exponents is fast, needing close inspection. The classification of movement was subjective with work being classified according to the instruction given by the referee.



Statistical analysis

The observation generated data will be frequency counted, a method of recording in observational research in which the researcher records each occurrence clearly defined behaviour within a certain time frame. All the raw data generated by the FOCUS System was exported into Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and then transferred into SPSS for more detailed analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Scientists, version 14.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). A chi square test of independence was used to determine if there was a similar profile of actions performed by the red and blue contestant in the match. An alpha level of (p <0.05) was taken to show statistical significant.


Results

Match 1 : Pencak Silat tanding Men’s Class H Final (Indonesia Vs Malaysia)

Table 1 shows the summary of the intra-operator reliability study revealed that the strength of agreement for the actions was moderate (k=0.44), the exponent performing the action was moderate (k=0.47) and the outcome of an action was fair (k=0.25). The action factors used were description of
the action, the exponent performing the action and outcome of actions. Each of these reliability results was recorded in Table 1. Table 2 shows the actions performed during the contest and their outcomes in the match. Table 3 shows the frequency profile of actions for the 2 contestants. A chi square test of independence revealed that the two contest acts performed a different profile of actions during the bout (_22 = 74.0, p < 0.001) with the red contestant performing.

Table 1. Reliability of silat data
Variables
Intra-observer reliability
Actions
0.449
Exponent performing the action
0.469
Outcome of actions
0.253

Table 2: Frequency of actions and outcomes recorded during a silat match


Actions

Outcome

Hit elsewhere
Hit target
Miss opponent
Not available
Total

Block

4
1

5
Block and kick





Block and punch





Block and sweep





Kick

26


26
Fake kick





Punch

10


10
Fake punch

4


4
Self-release

3


3
Toople


5

5
Sweep


2

2
Catch

1


1
Others





Total

49
8

57


Table 3: Frequency profile of the 2 contestant
Exponent
Block
Kick
Other
Total
Red
2
26
29
57
Blue
1
25
28
54
Total
3
49
57
111

Table 2 show that 46% of the fight was comprised of kick actions. This shows that most of the time the red contestant is using this skills to get point in this fight. Overall the red contestant performed 57 actions. The least actions performed was catching (1.75%) only.. (8.7%) of blocking actions, (17,5%) punching, (7.01%) fake punch, (5.26%) self release, (8.7%) miss opponent in topple, and (3.5%) miss opponent in sweep was performed during the games. The red contestant won this game because he got the strength on his lower body. He could be focusing lower body during training. It is because his kicking actions make the opponent fall down and he got the point.



Match 2 : Pencak Silat tanding Men’s Class A Final (Indonesia Vs Philipines)

Table 1. Reliability of silat data
Variables
Intra-observer reliability
Actions
0.449
Exponent performing the action
0.435
Outcome of actions
0.325




Actions

Outcome

Hit elsewhere
Hit target
Miss opponent
Not available
Total

Block

2


2
Block and kick





Block and punch





Block and sweep





Kick
4
10
1

15
Fake kick
1



1
Punch
1



1
Fake punch





Self-release

1


1
Toople

5
3

8
Sweep

4
5

9
Catch
2
3
5

10
Others





Total
8
25
14

47


Table 3: Frequency profile of the 2 contestant
Exponent
Block
Kick
Other
Total
Red
2
15
31
48
Blue
1
14
30
45
Total
3
29
61
93

Table above shows that   the red contestant performed (54.1%) actions in kicking.  There is no miss opponent in kicking.  All of the kicking actions was hit on the target. He also manage to blocking 10.41%. this shows the red contestant have a strength body to block the opponent and prevent him to fall down.  He also performing punching about 20.8% on the target without miss. This punching actions performance one of the reason he won the game. As he manage to performed fake punch about 8.3% before make a real punch. He could be practising his hand and punching skills during the training. His punch did not fail. This means he is good in punching. He also often trying to do sweep actions.   The red contestant can be seen very good in sweep actions as well.


Match 3: Pencak Silat tanding Men’s Class d Final (Indonesia Vs Thailand)

Table 1. Reliability of silat data
Variables
Intra-observer reliability
Actions

Exponent performing the action

Outcome of actions


Table 2: frequency of actions and outcomes recorded during a silat match


Actions

Outcome

Hit elsewhere
Hit target
Miss opponent
Not available
Total

Block

2


2
Block and kick





Block and punch





Block and sweep





Kick

26
13

39
Fake kick





Punch

11


11
Fake punch





Self-release





Toople





Sweep


5

5
Catch





Others





Total

39
18

57


Table 3: Frequency profile of the 2 contestant
Exponent
Block
Kick
Other
Total
Blue
2
39
16
57
Red
2
42
18
62
Total
4
81
34
119

The table shows that  68.4%  actions performed by the blue contestant in kicking actions. However, only 45.6% hit the  target while 22.8% miss opponent. The weakness   can be seen while he is kicking. The kicking often miss opponent. He always use the same actions during the games. This make the exponent read his skills and technique. As he apply the same skills for the next fight the exponent can read what he will do . he should not use the same technique all the times. That is  the point he lose the game. However he also good in punching which is performed about 19.29% without miss.


Match 4: Pencak Silat tanding Men’s Class A Final (Indonesia Vs Vietnam)

Table 1. Reliability of silat data
Variables
Intra-observer reliability
Actions

Exponent performing the action

Outcome of actions


Table 2: frequency of actions and outcomes recorded during a silat match


Actions

Outcome

Hit elsewhere
Hit target
Miss opponent
Not available
Total

Block

2


2
Block and kick


1

1
Block and punch


1

1
Block and sweep


3

3
Kick

3
6

9
Fake kick





Punch

1
4

5
Fake punch





Self-release





Topple

2
4

6
Sweep


1

1
Catch


8

8
Others





Total

8
28

36


Table 2: Frequency profile of the 2 contestant
Exponent
Block
Kick
Other
Total
Blue
2
9
25
36
Red
4
12
26
42
Total
6
21
51
78

The tables shows that the total of actions performed by the blue contestant is 36. He was seem  performed less actions. He seem to be defending himself rather than fight. This can be seen as he manage to performed catch actions in 22.22% without miss. He was detected performing kicking about 25% where 12 % hit the target and 66.66% miss opponent.  This shows that he is not good in kicking.  He also detected trying to topple down the opponent  about  16.6%  where only 33.3% is hit the target while  66.66% of the kicking actions was miss opponent. We can see that his lower body was not strength enough to be performed during this games. However he was seem trying to performed all the actions except  blocking, fake punch and self release. He did not focusing on  specific actions where he is good in and this is  the reason he lose the game.


Conclusions

Post-event analysis of hand notation indicates that the prototype system developed for this study can be used to record and evaluate a silat match. This study complemented with those of the broad work and rest study undertaken by Shapie et al. The current study has provided a great understanding of information for the silat by looking at the activity involved in competition. Both of the exponents performed more high intensity actions than low intensity actions (i.e. the frequency count). However it is important to understand that high intensity actions will contribute more in the score points (i.e. outcome that count) rather than low intensity actions. There is also a range of frequency in attacking and defensive activities used by both of the exponents. The winner (blue exponent) used more kicks than the loser which may reflect greater skill or fitness or both. However, it is still doubtful that these are the only factors that influence the match. It is recommended that future studies determine the full range of activities performed with movement classifications and the variation of strikes that contribute to losing and winning the match. It also suggest that all the contestant should focusing on specific skills and actions that they are good in and practising it to apply it during fights. Mastering the specific technique will giving bonus to won the game and fight the exponent till he lose.




Acknowledgement


I would like to thank Dr Mohamad Nizam Mohamed  Shapie for  the journal for referring to  accomplish this study.


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